When analyzing literature, students learn to read between the lines and note how various writing elements the author used serve a particular purpose. A successful essay identifies the author’s literary choices and discusses their implications.
Literary Analysis Essentials
An alternative way of writing a literary analysis is by analyzing the piece from your own point of view. Such a literary analysis should contain a thesis statement with your argument. Instead of simply explaining the author’s intentions, analyze the literary piece from your perspective by describing the use of the techniques identified below. Many students ask ‘What is the purpose of a literary analysis essay?’ In a nutshell, it is to provide a thorough and original explanation of the assigned text. Whichever position you decide to take, be sure to support it with textual evidence.
How to Analyze Literature like a Professional Critic?
If you want to know how to analyze literature professionally, you will have to learn to identify hidden implications of the author’s message as well as decipher any symbols, images, etc. Besides, it is crucial to be familiar with basic literary terms. Literary analysis vocabulary will make your essay sound professional. For starters, use the literary analysis words from the list below:
Allegory – writers often use allegory to depict some human trait, such as vanity, courage, or greed by the means of accentuating this trait in one of the characters. This literary device is common because it helps communicate some life lesson that people globally should pay attention. In modern literary works, allegory might be parallel to the central theme of a story. Before you learn how to analyze a book or how to analyze a novel on your own, try note how the following authors use allegory to highlight the respective ideas:
- ‘A Rose for Emily’ by W. Faulkner depicts the fall of the Old South.
- Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is an allegory to a person’s struggle to control their natural instincts.
- District 9 depicts Apartheid in South Africa.
- The dangers of prejudices and racism are discussed in X Men.
- Harry Potter series also touches on the dangers of chauvinism and ‘purity’ of race.
Another thing you have to pay attention to while learning how to analyze a passage, a short story, poem, or book is character. In general, a character is someone or something that performs important functions in a literary work. In your textual analysis literature, you can describe and analyze the following types of characters;
- Protagonist – a central character in a story.
- Antagonist – a character opposing the principal character.
- Minor characters – mentioning less important character is also an important detail in literature because they enrich the story and help the protagonist evolve.
- Static / dynamic characters – literary characters can either develop or remain the same throughout the story, thus such a classification.
- Characterization is another term that can make your essay look more professional. Pay attention to the choices the author takes to depict characters’ personalities, including their appearance, actions, motives, speech, etc.
How to analyze a story in an essay?
Try to identify any patterns of behavior and connections between different characters. Answer the questions: which function does this character perform? What is his/her history? What does the author tell the reader? What is left unsaid? How do the characters describe themselves and others?
You should also be able to identify and interpret connotations (implications) of the words. Connotation is opposed to denotation – the meaning of the word found in a dictionary.
However, note that they can change as the plot unfolds. Just a few examples:
- Confidence – arrogance
- Careful – scared
- Frugal – greedy
Diction is yet another technique you can describe in your essay. The term refers to the author’s word choice, which determines and/or accentuates the central theme of a literary piece. This is typically found in poems, for example, the use of specific sounds, rhythm, peculiar letters, etc. helps poets convey their emotions and intentions more accurately.
The Principals Literary Elements
The knowledge of literary elements is vital for the analysis of prose and poetry because it helps interpret the author’s message more accurately. The basic literary elements are discussed below:
- Plot – this is the way the events unfold in a story or poem.
- Conflict – the relation between opposing characters / situations / events, etc.
- Exposition – all background information in a literary piece.
- Raising action – a series of events that happen as the story approaches the central conflict.
- It is usually followed by a crisis, which plays a decisive role in the resolution.
- Resolution – the ending of the story.
- Point of view – this is how the author chooses to narrate the story. Usually, it depends on the purpose of the literary work.
If there is a narrator in the story, he/she might not be taking part in the events.
If there is a first-person narrative, the narrator might be a participant but his knowledge of the story exposition is limited.
Sometimes writers apply second-person narration in order to involve the reader. For example, ‘Once you walk into the kitchen and see blood everywhere, what do you do?’
Finally, the story might have a third-person narration, when the narrator is not identified. This is typical for stories where the author wants to remain objective and impartial.
Literary Devices
Another aspect to focus on is figurative language – the use of words beyond their direct meaning. Figures of speech include:
- Metaphors. Writers frequently use metaphors to refer to one thing / object/ person while mentioning something else. For example: She was the biggest star in the room.
- Similes help create a more detailed image of a character / object / situation in a story. This figure of speech is used with the words ‘like’ and ‘as’: Mary was angry like a wolf.
- An exaggeration in literature is called hyperbole: There is a million and one thing to do this week.
- It is common for people to endow non-human objects with human traits but in literary terms it is called personification: America will join forces with China.
Literary Techniques in Poetry
- Foot – the way stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged in a line to establish certain rhythm.
- Spondee – two stressed syllables in a row. It helps make a verse less monotonous.
- Trochee ‒ a foot that contains a stressed syllables that is followed by the unstressed one.
- Anapest – a metrical foot consists of two unstressed syllables and one stressed syllable. Typical for long poems.
If you measure the rhythmic structure of a poem, you are analyzing its meter. When analyzing elements of literature, pay attention to tone – the attitude towards the topic. It can be pessimistic, critical, hopeful, etc.
The aforementioned elements help create the appropriate tone and produce a desired effect on a reader.